Worship, serve or cultivate?
An evaluation of translation options for Genesis 2.15
Palavras-chave:
Ética, Ecoteologia, Mordomia, Cultivar, Meio AmbienteResumo
The meanings of the words אבד and שׁמר in Gen 2.15 are very significant in understanding the role of humans in the created order. Are humans to liturgically “worship and obey” God as their primary function in the created order? Did God intend for humans to “serve and protect” the created order to preserve it for the eschaton? Or, is the role of humans in the created order to “cultivate and keep” it, stewarding the earth for God’s glory? This essay examines three common translation options for Gen 2.15, arguing “cultivate and keep,” which is historically the most common view, is the most consistent with the text and context of Gen 2.15.
Métricas
Carregando Métricas ...
Referências
Bauckham, Richard. “Humans, Animals, and the Environment in Genesis 1–3,” in Genesis and Christian Theology (ed. Nathan MacDonald, M. W. Elliott, and Grant Macaskill). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012.
Beisner, E. Calvin. Where Garden Meets Wilderness: Evangelical Entry into the Environmental Debate. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
Botterweck, G. Johannes. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (ed. Helmer Ringgren, 9 vols., vol. 2). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
Bouma-Prediger, Steven. For the Beauty of the Earth: A Christian Vision for Creation Care. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Brown, Francis. The Brown, Driver, Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (ed. S. R. Driver, et al.). Peabody: Hendrickson, 2001.
Cassuto, Umberto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Jerusalem: Magnes Press Hebrew University, 1978.
Collins, C. John. Genesis 1–4: A Linguistic, Literary, and Theological Commentary. Phillipsburg, N.J.: P & R, 2006.
Conradie, Ernst M. "The Road Towards an Ecological Biblical and Theological Hermeneutics," Scriptura no. 93 (2006): 309.
Conradie, Ernst M. “What on Earth Is an Ecological Hermeneutics? Some Broad Parameters,” in Ecological Hermeneutics: Biblical, Historical and Theological Perspectives (ed. David Horrell, et al.). New York; London: T & T Clark, 2010.
Conradie, Ernst M. Angling for Interpretation: A First Introduction to Biblical, Theological and Contextual Hermeneutics. Stellenbosch: Sun Press, 2008.
Currid, John D. A Study Commentary on Genesis (2 vols.; EP Study Commentary, vol. 1; Darlington). England: Evangelical Press, 2003.
Davis, Ellen F. “Just Food: A Biblical Perspective on Culture and Agriculture,” in Creation in Crisis: Christian Perpectives on Sustainability (ed. Robert S. White). London: Society for Promoting Chrisian Knowledge, 2009.
Delitzsch, Franz. A New Commentary on Genesis (ed. Sophia Taylor). Minneapolis: Klock & Klock, 1978.
DeWitt, Calvin B. Earth-Wise: A Biblical Response to Environmental Issues. Grand Rapids: CRC Publications, 1994.
Friedman, David. Bereshit, the Book of the Beginning: A New Translation with Commentary. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2010.
Gesenius, Wilhelm. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (ed. E. Kautzsch and A. E. Cowley). Oxford: Clarendon, 1949.
Green, Bradley G. Colin Gunton and the Failure of Augustine: The Theology of Colin Gunton in Light of Augustine. Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2011.
Grossfeld, Bernard (ed.). Targum Onqelos to Genesis: Translated, with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus, and Notesidem. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1988.
Gunkel, Hermann. Genesis (trans., Mark E. Biddle). Macon: Mercer University Press, 1997.
H. Merrill, Eugene (ed.). The Bible Knowledge Key Word Study: Genesis–Deuteronomy, Bible Knowledge Series. Colorado Springs: Victor, 2003.
Hamilton, Victor P. The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17 (New International Commentary on the Old Testament). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Hay, Donald A. “Responding to Climate Change: How Much Should We Discount the Future?,” in Creation in Crisis: Christian Perpectives on Sustainability (ed. Robert S. White). London: Society for Promoting Chrisian Knowledge, 2009.
Hendel, Ronald S. The Text of Genesis 1–11: Textual Studies and Critical Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Hiebert, Theodore. The Yahwist's Landscape: Nature and Religion in Early Israel. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2008.
Horrell, David G. Ecological Hermeneutics: Biblical, Historical and Theological Perspectives. New York: T & T Clark, 2010.
Horrell, David G. The Bible and the Environment: Towards a Critical Ecological Biblical Theology. London: Equinox, 2010.
Keil, Carl Friedrich. Commentary on the Old Testament (ed. Franz Delitzsch). Peabody: Hendrickson, 1996.
Kim, Stephen S. “The Christological and Eschatological Significance of Jesus' Miracle in John 5,” BSac 165, no. 660 (2008): 413–24;
Levene, Abraham. The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis. London: Taylor's Foreign Press, 1951.
Maher, Michael. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Genesis, The Aramaic Bible. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992.
Matthews, E. G. “Armenian Commentary Attributed to Ephrem” in The Book of Genesis in Jewish and Oriental Christian Interpretation: A Collection of Essays (ed. Judith Frishman and Lucas van Rompay; Traditio Exegetica Graeca). Lovanii: Peeters, 1997.
McDaniel Jr., Donald R. “Becoming Good Shepherds: A New Model of Creation Care for Evangelical Christians” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2011).
McNamara, Martin. Targum Neofiti 1: Genesisidem. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992.
North, Gary. The Dominion Covenant: Genesis (An Economic Commentary on the Bible). Tyler: Institute for Christian Economics, 1987.
Sailhamer, John H. “Genesis,” in The Expositor's Bible Commentary: With the New International Version of the Holy Bible (ed. Frank Ely Gaebelein and J. D. Douglas). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976.
Sailhamer, John. The Pentateuch as Narrative: A Biblical-Theological Commentary (Library of Biblical Interpretation). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
Schwarz, Hans. “Eschatological Dimension of Ecology,” Zygon 9, no. 4 (1974): 323–28.
Sittler, Joseph. Evocations of Grace: The Writings of Joseph Sittler on Ecology, Theology, and Ethics (ed. Steven Bouma-Prediger and Peter W. Bakken). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.
Skinner, John. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Genesis (International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments). New York: Scribner, 1910.
Snyder, Howard A. Salvation Means Creation Healed: The Ecology of Sin and Grace: Overcoming the Divorce between Earth and Heaven (ed. Joel Scandrett). Eugene: Cascade, 2011.
Vawter, Bruce. On Genesis: A New Reading. Garden City: Doubleday, 1977.
Wenham, Gordon. Genesis 1–15 (Word Biblical Commentary, vol 1). Waco: Word, 1997.
Westermann, Claus. Genesis 1–11: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1984.
Wevers, John William. Notes on the Greek Text of Genesis (Septuagint and Cognate Studies Series). Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.
White, Lynn Townsend. “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” in Ecology and Religion in History. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.
Wieren, Gretel Van. Restored to Earth: Christianity, Environmental, and Ecological Restoration. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2013.
Wilkinson, Loren. Earthkeeping in the Nineties: Stewardship of Creation. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
Williams, Michael D. Far as the Curse Is Found: The Covenant Story of Redemption. Phillipsburg: P & R, 2005.
Wirzba, Norman. The Paradise of God: Renewing Religion in an Ecological Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Wolters, Albert M. “Worldview and Textual Criticism in 2 Peter 3:10”. WTJ 49, no. 2 (1987): 405–13.
Young, Richard A. Healing the Earth: A Theocentric Perspective on Environmental Problems and Their Solutions. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994.
Beisner, E. Calvin. Where Garden Meets Wilderness: Evangelical Entry into the Environmental Debate. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
Botterweck, G. Johannes. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (ed. Helmer Ringgren, 9 vols., vol. 2). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
Bouma-Prediger, Steven. For the Beauty of the Earth: A Christian Vision for Creation Care. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Brown, Francis. The Brown, Driver, Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (ed. S. R. Driver, et al.). Peabody: Hendrickson, 2001.
Cassuto, Umberto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Jerusalem: Magnes Press Hebrew University, 1978.
Collins, C. John. Genesis 1–4: A Linguistic, Literary, and Theological Commentary. Phillipsburg, N.J.: P & R, 2006.
Conradie, Ernst M. "The Road Towards an Ecological Biblical and Theological Hermeneutics," Scriptura no. 93 (2006): 309.
Conradie, Ernst M. “What on Earth Is an Ecological Hermeneutics? Some Broad Parameters,” in Ecological Hermeneutics: Biblical, Historical and Theological Perspectives (ed. David Horrell, et al.). New York; London: T & T Clark, 2010.
Conradie, Ernst M. Angling for Interpretation: A First Introduction to Biblical, Theological and Contextual Hermeneutics. Stellenbosch: Sun Press, 2008.
Currid, John D. A Study Commentary on Genesis (2 vols.; EP Study Commentary, vol. 1; Darlington). England: Evangelical Press, 2003.
Davis, Ellen F. “Just Food: A Biblical Perspective on Culture and Agriculture,” in Creation in Crisis: Christian Perpectives on Sustainability (ed. Robert S. White). London: Society for Promoting Chrisian Knowledge, 2009.
Delitzsch, Franz. A New Commentary on Genesis (ed. Sophia Taylor). Minneapolis: Klock & Klock, 1978.
DeWitt, Calvin B. Earth-Wise: A Biblical Response to Environmental Issues. Grand Rapids: CRC Publications, 1994.
Friedman, David. Bereshit, the Book of the Beginning: A New Translation with Commentary. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2010.
Gesenius, Wilhelm. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (ed. E. Kautzsch and A. E. Cowley). Oxford: Clarendon, 1949.
Green, Bradley G. Colin Gunton and the Failure of Augustine: The Theology of Colin Gunton in Light of Augustine. Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2011.
Grossfeld, Bernard (ed.). Targum Onqelos to Genesis: Translated, with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus, and Notesidem. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1988.
Gunkel, Hermann. Genesis (trans., Mark E. Biddle). Macon: Mercer University Press, 1997.
H. Merrill, Eugene (ed.). The Bible Knowledge Key Word Study: Genesis–Deuteronomy, Bible Knowledge Series. Colorado Springs: Victor, 2003.
Hamilton, Victor P. The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17 (New International Commentary on the Old Testament). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Hay, Donald A. “Responding to Climate Change: How Much Should We Discount the Future?,” in Creation in Crisis: Christian Perpectives on Sustainability (ed. Robert S. White). London: Society for Promoting Chrisian Knowledge, 2009.
Hendel, Ronald S. The Text of Genesis 1–11: Textual Studies and Critical Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Hiebert, Theodore. The Yahwist's Landscape: Nature and Religion in Early Israel. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2008.
Horrell, David G. Ecological Hermeneutics: Biblical, Historical and Theological Perspectives. New York: T & T Clark, 2010.
Horrell, David G. The Bible and the Environment: Towards a Critical Ecological Biblical Theology. London: Equinox, 2010.
Keil, Carl Friedrich. Commentary on the Old Testament (ed. Franz Delitzsch). Peabody: Hendrickson, 1996.
Kim, Stephen S. “The Christological and Eschatological Significance of Jesus' Miracle in John 5,” BSac 165, no. 660 (2008): 413–24;
Levene, Abraham. The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis. London: Taylor's Foreign Press, 1951.
Maher, Michael. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Genesis, The Aramaic Bible. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992.
Matthews, E. G. “Armenian Commentary Attributed to Ephrem” in The Book of Genesis in Jewish and Oriental Christian Interpretation: A Collection of Essays (ed. Judith Frishman and Lucas van Rompay; Traditio Exegetica Graeca). Lovanii: Peeters, 1997.
McDaniel Jr., Donald R. “Becoming Good Shepherds: A New Model of Creation Care for Evangelical Christians” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2011).
McNamara, Martin. Targum Neofiti 1: Genesisidem. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992.
North, Gary. The Dominion Covenant: Genesis (An Economic Commentary on the Bible). Tyler: Institute for Christian Economics, 1987.
Sailhamer, John H. “Genesis,” in The Expositor's Bible Commentary: With the New International Version of the Holy Bible (ed. Frank Ely Gaebelein and J. D. Douglas). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976.
Sailhamer, John. The Pentateuch as Narrative: A Biblical-Theological Commentary (Library of Biblical Interpretation). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
Schwarz, Hans. “Eschatological Dimension of Ecology,” Zygon 9, no. 4 (1974): 323–28.
Sittler, Joseph. Evocations of Grace: The Writings of Joseph Sittler on Ecology, Theology, and Ethics (ed. Steven Bouma-Prediger and Peter W. Bakken). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.
Skinner, John. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Genesis (International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments). New York: Scribner, 1910.
Snyder, Howard A. Salvation Means Creation Healed: The Ecology of Sin and Grace: Overcoming the Divorce between Earth and Heaven (ed. Joel Scandrett). Eugene: Cascade, 2011.
Vawter, Bruce. On Genesis: A New Reading. Garden City: Doubleday, 1977.
Wenham, Gordon. Genesis 1–15 (Word Biblical Commentary, vol 1). Waco: Word, 1997.
Westermann, Claus. Genesis 1–11: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1984.
Wevers, John William. Notes on the Greek Text of Genesis (Septuagint and Cognate Studies Series). Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.
White, Lynn Townsend. “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” in Ecology and Religion in History. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.
Wieren, Gretel Van. Restored to Earth: Christianity, Environmental, and Ecological Restoration. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2013.
Wilkinson, Loren. Earthkeeping in the Nineties: Stewardship of Creation. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
Williams, Michael D. Far as the Curse Is Found: The Covenant Story of Redemption. Phillipsburg: P & R, 2005.
Wirzba, Norman. The Paradise of God: Renewing Religion in an Ecological Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Wolters, Albert M. “Worldview and Textual Criticism in 2 Peter 3:10”. WTJ 49, no. 2 (1987): 405–13.
Young, Richard A. Healing the Earth: A Theocentric Perspective on Environmental Problems and Their Solutions. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994.
Publicado
2019-05-06
Como Citar
J. Spencer, A. (2019). Worship, serve or cultivate? : An evaluation of translation options for Genesis 2.15. VIA TEOLÓGICA, 18(35), 63–94. Recuperado de https://periodicos.fabapar.com.br/index.php/vt/article/view/25
Edição
Seção
Artigos
Recebido: 2019-05-06
Publicado: 2019-05-06
Publicado: 2019-05-06
