O USO DE GÊNESIS 3.15 EM ROMANOS 16.20: TRADIÇÕES TEXTUAIS, EXEGESE, DESENVOLVIMENTOS CANÔNICOS E IMPLICAÇÕES HERMENÊUTICAS
Palavras-chave:
Protoevangelion, Gênesis 3.15, Romanos 16.20, Messianismo, Uso do Antigo Testamento no Novo TestamentoResumo
Gênesis 3:15 é um crux interpretum para o estudo do messianismo veterotestamentário. No espectro interpretativo, um extremo comporta aqueles que desconsideram a passagem por completo em suas discussões do tema. Do outro lado, começando em Irineu de Lião e Justino Mártir, muitos a denominam de protoevangelion, enxergando ali uma predição direta do messias, o descendente vitorioso da mulher. Este artigo revisita o afamado texto a partir de um exame de tradições textuais, seguido por uma análise histórico-gramatical-literária e uma investigação de desdobramentos canônicos, explorando, por fim, seu uso por Paulo em Romanos 16:20. Tanto a interpretação messiânica tradicional quanto leituras estritamente etiológicas são criticadas. Propõe-se uma abordagem bíblico-teológica de implicações messiânicas
indiretas. Observações hermenêuticas semeadas no decurso culminam nas considerações finais.
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Referências
ALEXANDER, T. D. Further observations on the term ‘seed’ in Genesis. Tyndale Bulletin, vol. 48, n. 2, 1997, p. 363-367.
ALEXANDER, T. D. Messianic ideology in the book of Genesis. In: The Lord’s anointed. Org. SATTERTHWAITE, P. E.; HESS, Richard;
WENHAM, Gordon J. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1995, p. 19-32.
ARNOLD, Bill T. Genesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
BÍBLIA. Almeida Revista e Revista e Atualizada. Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 2003 - Versão eletrônica. Logos Software.
BÍBLIA. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 1997 - Versão eletrônica. Logos Software.
BÍBLIA. Septuaginta: SESB edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006 - Versão eletrônica. Logos Software.
BROWN, Derek R. ‘The God of peace will shortly crush Satan under your feet’: Paul’s eschatological reminder in Romans 16:20a. Neotestamentica, vol. 44, n. 1, 2010, p. 1-13.
BROWN, Francis; DRIVER, Samuel R.; BRIGGS, Charles Augustus. Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977.
BEALE, Gregory K. Handbook on the New Testament use of the Old Testament: exegesis and interpretation. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012.
BEALE (org.). The right doctrine from the wrong texts? Essays on the use of the Old Testament in the New. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Books, 1994.
BEALE, Gregory K.; CARSON, Donald A. (org.). Comentário do uso do Antigo Testamento no Novo Testamento. Tradução de Robinson Makolmes, Fabiano Silveira Medeiros, Valdemar Kroker e Carlos Lopes. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2014.
BUISCH, Pauline P. The rest of her offspring: the relationship between Revelation 12 and the targumic expansion of Genesis 3:15. Novum Testamentum, vol. 60, 2018, p. 386-401.
CASSUTO, Humberto. A commentary on the book of Genesis. vol. 1. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1961.
CHARLESWORTH, James H. (ed.). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. vol. 2. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009.
CHILDS, Brevard. Old Testament theology in a canonical context. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985.
CHISHOLM Jr., Robert B. ‘For this reason’: etiology and its implications for the historicity of Adam. Criswell Theological Review vol. 10, n. 2, 2013, p. 27-51.
CRANFIELD, C. E. B. The epistle to the Romans. vol. 2. The International Critical Commentary Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1979.
COLLINS, Jack. A syntactical note (Genesis 3:15): Is the woman’s seed singular or plural? Tyndale Bulletin vol. 48, n. 1, 1997, p. 139-148.
CROUSER, Wesley. Satan, the serpent, and witchcraft accusations: reading Romans 16:17-20a in light of allusions and anthropology. Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters, vol. 4, n. 2, 2014, p. 215-233.
CUNHA, Wilson de Angelo. The nāḥāš in the garden of Eden (Gen 2:4b-3:24): malevolent or benevolent? Revista de Cultura Teológica, vol. 89, 2017, pp. 10-26.
DEMPSTER, Stephen. Dominion and dynasty: a theology of the Hebrew Bible. New Studies in Biblical Theology, 15. Downers Grove: Apollos, 2003.
DUNN, James D. G. Romans 9-16. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word Books, 1988.
DÜCK, Arthur W. Satanás e o protoevangelho em Gênesis 3!? Via Teológica, vol. 16, n. 22, 2015, p. 93-152.
FLESHER, Paul V. M.; CHILTON, Bruce. The targums: a critical introduction. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2011.
GERHARDSSON, Birger. The testing of God’s son (Matt 4:1-11 and Par): an analysis of an early christian midrash. Lund: Gleerup, 1966.
GOLDINGAY, John. A critical and exegetical commentary on Isaiah 56–66. International Critical Commentary London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury, 2014.
GOLDINGAY, John. Genesis. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2020.
GROSSFELD, Bernard. The targum Onqelos to Genesis: translated, with a critical introduction, apparatus, and notes. The Aramaic Bible vol. 6. Wilmington: Michael Glazier Inc., 1988.
GUNKEL, Hermann. Genesis. Tradução de Mark E. Biddle. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997.
HAMILTON, James. The seed of the woman and the blessing of Abraham. Tyndale Bulletin, vol. 58, n. 2, 2007, p. 253-273.
HAMILTON, James. The skull crushing seed of the woman: inner-biblical interpretation of Genesis 3:15. Southern Baptist Journal of Theology, vol. 10, n. 2, 2006, p. 30-54.
HAMILTON, Viktor P. The book of Genesis: chapters 1-17. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990.
HARRIS, R. Laird; ARCHER Jr., Gleason L.; WALTKE, Bruce K. (eds.). Theological wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Press, 1999.
HAYS, Richard B. Echoes of Scripture in the letters of Paul. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1989.
HEISER, Michael S. The unseen realm: recovering the supernatural worldview of the Bible. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2015.
JEWETT, Robert. Romans: a commentary. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007.
JOHNSTON, Gordon. Appendix: messiah and Genesis 3:15. In: Jesus the messiah: tracing the promises, expectations, and the coming of Israel’s king. Org. BATEMAN, Herbert; BOCK, Darrell; JOHNSTON, Gordon. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2012.
JOHNSTON, Gordon. From Perpetual Conflict of Humanity to Eschatological Triumph of the Messiah: Unpacking the Hermeneutical Complementary Trajectories in Genesis 3:15. Trabalho lido na reunião nacional da Evangelical Theological Society: San Antonio, 2016.
JOSEPHUS, Flavius. The works of Josephus: complete and unabridged. Tradução de William Whiston. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1987.
KAISER Jr., Walter C. O plano da promessa de Deus: teologia bíblica do Antigo e Novo Testamentos. Tradução de Gordon Chown e A. G. Mendes. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2011
KAUFMAN, Stephen A (org.). Targum Onqelos to the Pentateuch. In: Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. Hebrew Union College, 2005. Logos Bible Software.
KAUFMAN, Stephen A (org.). Targum Pseudo-Jonathan to the Pentateuch. In: Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. Hebrew Union College, 2005. Logos Bible Software.
KAUFMAN, Stephen A (org.). Targum Neofiti to the Pentateuch. Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. Hebrew Union College, 2005. Logos Bible Software.
KOEHLER, Ludwig; WALTER, Baumgartner; RICHARDSON, M. E. J.; STAMM, Johann Jakob. The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill, 1999.
KUGEL, James L. Traditions of the Bible: a guide to the Bible as it was at the start of the Common Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1998.
LONGENECKER, Richard N. Biblical exegesis in the apostolic period. Second Edition. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999.
MAHER, Michael. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Genesis: translated, with introduction and notes. The Aramaic Bible. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1992.
MARTIN, R. A. The Earliest Messianic Interpretation of Genesis 3:15. Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 84, 1965, p. 425–427.
MCNAMARA, Martin. The New Testament and the Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch: second printing, with supplement containing additions and corrections. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1978.
MOO, Douglas J. The Epistle to the Romans. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.
MOWINCKEL, Sigmund. He that cometh: the messiah concept in the Old Testament & later Judaism. Grand Rapids; Cambridge, UK: Eerdmans, 2005.
MURAOKA, T. The Greek-English lexicon of the Septuagint. Paris: Peeters, 2009.
O’CONNOR, Kathleen M. Genesis 1-25A. Smyth and Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2018.
RONNING, John. The Curse on the Serpent (Genesis 3:15) in Biblical Theology and Hermeneutics. Tese (Doutorado em Antigo Testamento) - Westminster Theological Seminary. Glenside, 1997.
RYDELNIK, Michael. The messianic hope: is the Hebrew Bible really messianic? NAC Studies in Bible & Theology. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing, 2010.
SAILHAMER, John. Genesis. Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.
SAILHAMER, John. The meaning of the Pentateuch: revelation, composition, and interpretation. Downers Grove: Inter Varsity, 2009.
SARNA, Nahum. Genesis: the traditional Hebrew text with the new JPS translation. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989.
SMITH, Duane E. The divining snake: reading Genesis 3 in the context of Mesopotamian ophiomancy. Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 134, n. 1, 2015, p. 31-49.
SMITH, Gary. Isaiah 40-66. The New American Commentary. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2009.
THIELMAN, Frank. Romans. Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2018.
WALTON, John H. Genesis. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
WALTON, John H. The lost world of Adam and Eve: Genesis 2-3 and the human origins debate. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2015.
WENHAM, Gordon. Genesis 1-15. Word Biblical Commentary. Zondervan: Edição Kindle, 1987.
WESTERMANN, Claus. A continental commentary: Genesis 1-11. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994.
WIFALL, Walter. Gen 3:15—a protevangelium? Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 36, 1974, p. 361–365.
ALEXANDER, T. D. Messianic ideology in the book of Genesis. In: The Lord’s anointed. Org. SATTERTHWAITE, P. E.; HESS, Richard;
WENHAM, Gordon J. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1995, p. 19-32.
ARNOLD, Bill T. Genesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
BÍBLIA. Almeida Revista e Revista e Atualizada. Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 2003 - Versão eletrônica. Logos Software.
BÍBLIA. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 1997 - Versão eletrônica. Logos Software.
BÍBLIA. Septuaginta: SESB edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006 - Versão eletrônica. Logos Software.
BROWN, Derek R. ‘The God of peace will shortly crush Satan under your feet’: Paul’s eschatological reminder in Romans 16:20a. Neotestamentica, vol. 44, n. 1, 2010, p. 1-13.
BROWN, Francis; DRIVER, Samuel R.; BRIGGS, Charles Augustus. Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977.
BEALE, Gregory K. Handbook on the New Testament use of the Old Testament: exegesis and interpretation. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012.
BEALE (org.). The right doctrine from the wrong texts? Essays on the use of the Old Testament in the New. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Books, 1994.
BEALE, Gregory K.; CARSON, Donald A. (org.). Comentário do uso do Antigo Testamento no Novo Testamento. Tradução de Robinson Makolmes, Fabiano Silveira Medeiros, Valdemar Kroker e Carlos Lopes. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2014.
BUISCH, Pauline P. The rest of her offspring: the relationship between Revelation 12 and the targumic expansion of Genesis 3:15. Novum Testamentum, vol. 60, 2018, p. 386-401.
CASSUTO, Humberto. A commentary on the book of Genesis. vol. 1. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1961.
CHARLESWORTH, James H. (ed.). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. vol. 2. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009.
CHILDS, Brevard. Old Testament theology in a canonical context. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985.
CHISHOLM Jr., Robert B. ‘For this reason’: etiology and its implications for the historicity of Adam. Criswell Theological Review vol. 10, n. 2, 2013, p. 27-51.
CRANFIELD, C. E. B. The epistle to the Romans. vol. 2. The International Critical Commentary Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1979.
COLLINS, Jack. A syntactical note (Genesis 3:15): Is the woman’s seed singular or plural? Tyndale Bulletin vol. 48, n. 1, 1997, p. 139-148.
CROUSER, Wesley. Satan, the serpent, and witchcraft accusations: reading Romans 16:17-20a in light of allusions and anthropology. Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters, vol. 4, n. 2, 2014, p. 215-233.
CUNHA, Wilson de Angelo. The nāḥāš in the garden of Eden (Gen 2:4b-3:24): malevolent or benevolent? Revista de Cultura Teológica, vol. 89, 2017, pp. 10-26.
DEMPSTER, Stephen. Dominion and dynasty: a theology of the Hebrew Bible. New Studies in Biblical Theology, 15. Downers Grove: Apollos, 2003.
DUNN, James D. G. Romans 9-16. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word Books, 1988.
DÜCK, Arthur W. Satanás e o protoevangelho em Gênesis 3!? Via Teológica, vol. 16, n. 22, 2015, p. 93-152.
FLESHER, Paul V. M.; CHILTON, Bruce. The targums: a critical introduction. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2011.
GERHARDSSON, Birger. The testing of God’s son (Matt 4:1-11 and Par): an analysis of an early christian midrash. Lund: Gleerup, 1966.
GOLDINGAY, John. A critical and exegetical commentary on Isaiah 56–66. International Critical Commentary London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury, 2014.
GOLDINGAY, John. Genesis. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2020.
GROSSFELD, Bernard. The targum Onqelos to Genesis: translated, with a critical introduction, apparatus, and notes. The Aramaic Bible vol. 6. Wilmington: Michael Glazier Inc., 1988.
GUNKEL, Hermann. Genesis. Tradução de Mark E. Biddle. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997.
HAMILTON, James. The seed of the woman and the blessing of Abraham. Tyndale Bulletin, vol. 58, n. 2, 2007, p. 253-273.
HAMILTON, James. The skull crushing seed of the woman: inner-biblical interpretation of Genesis 3:15. Southern Baptist Journal of Theology, vol. 10, n. 2, 2006, p. 30-54.
HAMILTON, Viktor P. The book of Genesis: chapters 1-17. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990.
HARRIS, R. Laird; ARCHER Jr., Gleason L.; WALTKE, Bruce K. (eds.). Theological wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Press, 1999.
HAYS, Richard B. Echoes of Scripture in the letters of Paul. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1989.
HEISER, Michael S. The unseen realm: recovering the supernatural worldview of the Bible. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2015.
JEWETT, Robert. Romans: a commentary. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007.
JOHNSTON, Gordon. Appendix: messiah and Genesis 3:15. In: Jesus the messiah: tracing the promises, expectations, and the coming of Israel’s king. Org. BATEMAN, Herbert; BOCK, Darrell; JOHNSTON, Gordon. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2012.
JOHNSTON, Gordon. From Perpetual Conflict of Humanity to Eschatological Triumph of the Messiah: Unpacking the Hermeneutical Complementary Trajectories in Genesis 3:15. Trabalho lido na reunião nacional da Evangelical Theological Society: San Antonio, 2016.
JOSEPHUS, Flavius. The works of Josephus: complete and unabridged. Tradução de William Whiston. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1987.
KAISER Jr., Walter C. O plano da promessa de Deus: teologia bíblica do Antigo e Novo Testamentos. Tradução de Gordon Chown e A. G. Mendes. São Paulo: Vida Nova, 2011
KAUFMAN, Stephen A (org.). Targum Onqelos to the Pentateuch. In: Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. Hebrew Union College, 2005. Logos Bible Software.
KAUFMAN, Stephen A (org.). Targum Pseudo-Jonathan to the Pentateuch. In: Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. Hebrew Union College, 2005. Logos Bible Software.
KAUFMAN, Stephen A (org.). Targum Neofiti to the Pentateuch. Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. Hebrew Union College, 2005. Logos Bible Software.
KOEHLER, Ludwig; WALTER, Baumgartner; RICHARDSON, M. E. J.; STAMM, Johann Jakob. The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill, 1999.
KUGEL, James L. Traditions of the Bible: a guide to the Bible as it was at the start of the Common Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1998.
LONGENECKER, Richard N. Biblical exegesis in the apostolic period. Second Edition. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999.
MAHER, Michael. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Genesis: translated, with introduction and notes. The Aramaic Bible. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1992.
MARTIN, R. A. The Earliest Messianic Interpretation of Genesis 3:15. Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 84, 1965, p. 425–427.
MCNAMARA, Martin. The New Testament and the Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch: second printing, with supplement containing additions and corrections. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1978.
MOO, Douglas J. The Epistle to the Romans. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.
MOWINCKEL, Sigmund. He that cometh: the messiah concept in the Old Testament & later Judaism. Grand Rapids; Cambridge, UK: Eerdmans, 2005.
MURAOKA, T. The Greek-English lexicon of the Septuagint. Paris: Peeters, 2009.
O’CONNOR, Kathleen M. Genesis 1-25A. Smyth and Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2018.
RONNING, John. The Curse on the Serpent (Genesis 3:15) in Biblical Theology and Hermeneutics. Tese (Doutorado em Antigo Testamento) - Westminster Theological Seminary. Glenside, 1997.
RYDELNIK, Michael. The messianic hope: is the Hebrew Bible really messianic? NAC Studies in Bible & Theology. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing, 2010.
SAILHAMER, John. Genesis. Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.
SAILHAMER, John. The meaning of the Pentateuch: revelation, composition, and interpretation. Downers Grove: Inter Varsity, 2009.
SARNA, Nahum. Genesis: the traditional Hebrew text with the new JPS translation. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989.
SMITH, Duane E. The divining snake: reading Genesis 3 in the context of Mesopotamian ophiomancy. Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 134, n. 1, 2015, p. 31-49.
SMITH, Gary. Isaiah 40-66. The New American Commentary. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2009.
THIELMAN, Frank. Romans. Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2018.
WALTON, John H. Genesis. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
WALTON, John H. The lost world of Adam and Eve: Genesis 2-3 and the human origins debate. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2015.
WENHAM, Gordon. Genesis 1-15. Word Biblical Commentary. Zondervan: Edição Kindle, 1987.
WESTERMANN, Claus. A continental commentary: Genesis 1-11. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994.
WIFALL, Walter. Gen 3:15—a protevangelium? Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 36, 1974, p. 361–365.
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2022-02-17
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Batista, A., & Alberto Bezerra, C. . (2022). O USO DE GÊNESIS 3.15 EM ROMANOS 16.20: TRADIÇÕES TEXTUAIS, EXEGESE, DESENVOLVIMENTOS CANÔNICOS E IMPLICAÇÕES HERMENÊUTICAS. VIA TEOLÓGICA, 22(43). Recuperado de https://periodicos.fabapar.com.br/index.php/vt/article/view/227
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Recebido: 2022-02-17
Publicado: 2022-02-17
Publicado: 2022-02-17
